AVR Architecture and Programming An in-depth look at the 8-bit AVR architecture found in ATtiny and ATmega microcontrollers, mainly from a software and programming point of view. Explore the AVR architecture using C and assembly language in Microchip Studio (formerly Atmel Studio) with ATtiny microcontrollers. Learn the details of how AVR microcontrollers work internally, including the internal registers and memory map of ATtiny devices. Program ATtiny microcontrollers using an Atmel-ICE programmer/debugger, or use a cheap hobby programmer, or even an Arduino Uno as a programmer. Most code examples can be run using the Microchip Studio AVR simulator. Learn to write programs for ATtiny microcontrollers in assembly language. See how assembly language is converted to machine code instructions by the assembler program. Find out how programs written in the C programming language end up as assembly language and finally as machine code instructions. Use the Microchip Studio debugger in combination with a hardware USB programmer/debugger to test assembly and C language programs, or use the Microchip Studio AVR simulator. DIP packaged ATtiny microcontrollers are used in this volume for easy use on electronic breadboards, targeting mainly the ATtiny13(A) and ATtiny25/45/85. Learn about instruction timing and clocks in AVR microcontrollers using ATtiny devices. Be on your way to becoming an AVR expert with advanced debugging and programming skills.
Projects with Thonny-IDE, uPyCraft-IDE, and ESP32The 'Python' programming language has enjoyed an enormous upswing in recent years. Not least, various single-board systems such as the Raspberry Pi have contributed to its popularity. But Python has also found widespread use in other fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML). It is obvious, therefore, to use Python or the 'MicroPython' variant for use in SoCs (Systems on Chip) as well.Powerful controllers such as the ESP32 from Espressif Systems offer excellent performance as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality at an affordable price. With these features, the Maker scene has been taken by storm. Compared to other controllers, the ESP32 has a significantly larger flash and SRAM memory, as well as a much higher CPU speed. Due to these characteristics, the chip is not only suitable for classic C applications, but also for programming with MicroPython.This book introduces the application of modern one-chip systems. In addition to the technical background, the focus is on MicroPython itself. After the introduction to the language, the programming skills learned are immediately put into practice. The individual projects are suitable for use in the laboratory as well as for everyday applications. So, in addition to the actual learning effect, the focus is also on the joy of building complete and useful devices. By using laboratory breadboards, circuits of all kinds can be realized with little effort, turning the testing and debugging of the 100% homebrew projects into an instructive pleasure.The various applications, such as weather stations, digital voltmeters, ultrasound range finders, RFID card readers or function generators, make the projects presented ideally suited for practical courses or subject and study work in the natural sciences, or in science and technology classes.
A Reference and User Guide for the Arduino Mega 2560 Hardware and Firmware A manual providing up-to-date hardware information for the Arduino Mega 2560. The Arduino Mega 2560 is an upgrade to the popular Arduino Uno board, providing more pins, serial ports and memory. Arduino is the easy to use open-source electronics platform used by hobbyists, makers, hackers, experimenters, educators and professionals. Get all the information that you need on the hardware and firmware found on Arduino Mega 2560 boards in this handy reference and user guide. Ideal for the workbench or desktop. This manual covers the Arduino Mega 2560 hardware and firmware, and is a companion volume to the Ultimate Arduino Uno Hardware Manual, which covers the Arduino Uno hardware and firmware. Contains all of the Arduino Mega 2560 hardware information in one place Covers Arduino / Genuino Mega 2560 revision 3 and earlier boards Easily find hardware technical specifications with explanations Pin reference chapter with interfacing examples Diagrams and illustrations for easy reference to pin functions and hardware connections Learn to back up and restore firmware on the board, or load new firmware Basic fault finding and repair procedures for Arduino Mega 2560 boards Power supply circuits simplified and explained Mechanical dimensions split into five easy to reference diagrams Contains circuit diagrams, parts list and board layout to easily locate components A chapter on shield compatibility explains how shields work across different Arduino boards
Design IoT Projects with Raspberry Pi, Arduino and ESP32 The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a major application area for embedded systems. As a result, more and more people are becoming interested in learning about embedded design and programming. Technical colleges and universities are moving away from legacy 8 and 16-bit microcontrollers and are introducing 32-bit embedded microcontrollers to their curriculums. Many IoT applications demand precision, high processing power, and low power consumption. Produced by IBM, Node-RED is an open-source visual editor for wiring the Internet of Things. Node-RED comes with a large number of nodes to handle a multitude of tasks. The required nodes are selected and joined together to perform a particular task. Node-RED is based on flow type programming where nodes are configured and joined together to form an application program. There are nodes for performing complex tasks, including web access, Twitter, E-mail, HTTP, Bluetooth, MQTT, controlling GPIO ports, etc. One particularly nice aspect of Node-RED is that the programmer does not need to learn how to write complex programs. For example, an email can be sent by simply joining nodes together and writing only a few lines of code. The aim of this book is to teach how Node-RED can be used in projects. The main hardware platform used with most of the projects in this book is Raspberry Pi 4. Chapters are included to show how Node-RED can be also be used with Arduino Uno, ESP32 DevKitC, and the ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller development boards.
Affordable solutions with the ESP8266 and 3D printing If you are looking for a small yet powerful IoT device, you are likely to come across the ESP8266 and compatible products on the market today. One of these, the Wemos/Lolin D1 Mini Pro board strikes a remarkable balance between cost and performance. A small and very affordable prototype board, the D1 Mini Pro stands out with its WiFi functionality and a 16-Mbytes flash memory for easy creation of a flash file system. In addition, there are sufficient input and output pins (only one analog input though) to support PWM, I²C, and One-Wire systems to mention but a few. The book describes the operation, modding, construction, and programming of home appliances including a colorful smart home accessory, a refrigerator/greenhouse controller, an AC powerline monitor, a door lock monitor, and an IKEA Trådfri controller. As a benefit, all firmware developed for these DIY, 'IoT-ized' devices can be updated over-the-air (OTA). For most of the designs in the book, a small printed circuit board (PCB) and an enclosure are presented so readers can have a finished and attractive-looking product. Readers having – or with access to! – a 3D printer can 'print' the suggested enclosures at home or in a shop. Some of the constructions benefit from a Raspberry Pi configured as a gateway or cms server. This is also described in detail with all the necessary configuring. You don’t need to be an expert but the prerequisites to successful replication of the projects include basic skills with PC software including the ability to surf the Internet. In terms of hardware, you should be comfortable with soldering and generally assembling the PCBs presented in the book. All custom software written for the IoT devices, the PCB layouts, and 3D print files described in the book are available for free downloading.
Design IoT Projects with Raspberry Pi, Arduino and ESP32 The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a major application area for embedded systems. As a result, more and more people are becoming interested in learning about embedded design and programming. Technical colleges and universities are moving away from legacy 8 and 16-bit microcontrollers and are introducing 32-bit embedded microcontrollers to their curriculums. Many IoT applications demand precision, high processing power, and low power consumption. Produced by IBM, Node-RED is an open-source visual editor for wiring the Internet of Things. Node-RED comes with a large number of nodes to handle a multitude of tasks. The required nodes are selected and joined together to perform a particular task. Node-RED is based on flow type programming where nodes are configured and joined together to form an application program. There are nodes for performing complex tasks, including web access, Twitter, E-mail, HTTP, Bluetooth, MQTT, controlling GPIO ports, etc. One particularly nice aspect of Node-RED is that the programmer does not need to learn how to write complex programs. For example, an email can be sent by simply joining nodes together and writing only a few lines of code. The aim of this book is to teach how Node-RED can be used in projects. The main hardware platform used with most of the projects in this book is Raspberry Pi 4. Chapters are included to show how Node-RED can be also be used with Arduino Uno, ESP32 DevKitC, and the ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller development boards.
Hands-on in more than 50 projects STM32 Nucleo family of processors are manufactured by STMicroelectronics. These are low-cost ARM microcontroller development boards. This book is about developing projects using the popular STM32CubeIDE software with the Nucleo-L476RG development board. In the early Chapters of the book the architecture of the Nucleo family is briefly described. The book covers many projects using most features of the Nucleo-L476RG development board where the full software listings for the STM32CubeIDE are given for each project together with extensive descriptions. The projects range from simple flashing LEDs to more complex projects using modules, devices, and libraries such as GPIO, ADC, DAC, I²C, SPI, LCD, DMA, analogue inputs, power management, X-CUBE-MEMS1 library, DEBUGGING, and others. In addition, several projects are given using the popular Nucleo Expansion Boards. These Expansion Boards plug on top of the Nucleo development boards and provide sensors, relays, accelerometers, gyroscopes, Wi-Fi, and many others. Using an expansion board together with the X-CUBE-MEMS1 library simplifies the task of project development considerably. All the projects in the book have been tested and are working. The following sub-headings are given for each project: Project Title, Description, Aim, Block Diagram, Circuit Diagram, and Program Listing for the STM32CubeIDE. In this book you will learn about STM32 microcontroller architecture; the Nucleo-L476RG development board in projects using the STM32CubeIDE integrated software development tool; external and internal interrupts and DMA; DEBUG, a program developed using the STM32CubeIDE; the MCU in Sleep, Stop, and in Standby modes; Nucleo Expansion Boards with the Nucleo development boards. What you need a PC with Internet connection and a USB port; STM32CubeIDE software (available at STMicroelectronics website free of charge) the project source files, available from the book’s webpage hosted by Elektor; Nucleo-L476RG development board; simple electronic devices such as LEDs, temperature sensor, I²C and SPI chips, and a few more; Nucleo Expansion Boards (optional).
The MAX78000FTHR from Maxim Integrated is a small development board based on the MAX78000 MCU. The main usage of this board is in artificial intelligence applications (AI) which generally require large amounts of processing power and memory. It marries an Arm Cortex-M4 processor with a floating-point unit (FPU), convolutional neural network (CNN) accelerator, and RISC-V core into a single device. It is designed for ultra-low power consumption, making it ideal for many portable AI-based applications. This book is project-based and aims to teach the basic features of the MAX78000FTHR. It demonstrates how it can be used in various classical and AI-based projects. Each project is described in detail and complete program listings are provided. Readers should be able to use the projects as they are, or modify them to suit their applications. This book covers the following features of the MAX78000FTHR microcontroller development board: Onboard LEDs and buttons External LEDs and buttons Using analog-to-digital converters I²C projects SPI projects UART projects External interrupts and timer interrupts Using the onboard microphone Using the onboard camera Convolutional Neural Network
A Handbook on DIY Nowadays, security problems are rarely properly solved or correctly addressed. Electronic security is only part of the chain in making a system secure. Electronic security is usually addressed as network or software security, neglecting other aspects, but the chain is only as strong as its weakest link. This book is about electronic hardware security, with an emphasis on problems that you can solve on a shoestring DIY budget. It deals mostly with secure communications, cryptosystems, and espionage. You will quickly appreciate that you can’t simply buy a trustworthy and reliable cryptosystem off the shelf. You will then realise that this applies equally to individuals, corporations, and governments. If you want to increase your electronic security awareness in a world already overcrowded with networks of microphones and cameras, this is a book for you. Furthermore, if you want to do something DIY by designing and expanding upon simple electronic systems, please continue reading. Some of the devices described are already published as projects in the Elektor magazine. Some are still ideas yet to be worked out. Complexity is the main enemy of security, so we'll try to keep to simple systems. Every chapter will analyse real-life espionage events or at least several hypothetical scenarios that will hopefully spark your imagination. The final goal is to build a security-conscious mindset (or “to get into a head of a spy”) which is necessary to recognise possible threats beforehand, to design a truly secure system. Don’t bother reading if: you think you and your secrets are 100% safe and secure you think somebody else can effectively handle your security you think conspiracy theories only exist in theory – Telefunken’s masterpiece the “FS-5000 Harpoon” was built on one!
Practical Multitasking Fundamentals Programming embedded systems is difficult because of resource constraints and limited debugging facilities. Why develop your own Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) as well as your application when the proven FreeRTOS software is freely available? Why not start with a validated foundation? Every software developer knows that you must divide a difficult problem into smaller ones to conquer it. Using separate preemptive tasks and FreeRTOS communication mechanisms, a clean separation of functions is achieved within the entire application. This results in safe and maintainable designs. Practicing engineers and students alike can use this book and the ESP32 Arduino environment to wade into FreeRTOS concepts at a comfortable pace. The well-organized text enables you to master each concept before starting the next chapter. Practical breadboard experiments and schematics are included to bring the lessons home. Experience is the best teacher. Each chapter includes exercises to test your knowledge. The coverage of the FreeRTOS Application Programming Interface (API) is complete for the ESP32 Arduino environment. You can apply what you learn to other FreeRTOS environments, including Espressif’s ESP-IDF. The source code is available from GitHub. All of these resources put you in the driver’s seat when it is time to develop your next uber-cool ESP32 project. What you will learn: How preemptive scheduling works within FreeRTOS The Arduino startup “loopTask” Message queues FreeRTOS timers and the IDLE task The semaphore, mutex, and their differences The mailbox and its application Real-time task priorities and its effect Interrupt interaction and use with FreeRTOS Queue sets Notifying tasks with events Event groups Critical sections Task local storage The gatekeeper task
An Ultra-Rapid Programming Course This book serves as the very first step to for novices to learn Python programming. The book is divided into ten chapters. In the first chapter, readers are introduced to the basics of Python. It has the detailed instructions for installation on various platforms such as macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, and Linux. It also covers the other aspects of Python programming such as IDEs and Package Manager. The second chapter is where the readers get an opportunity to have a detailed hands-on with Python programming. It covers a group of built-in data structures popularly known as Python Collections. The third chapter covers the important concepts of strings, functions, and recursion. The fourth chapter focuses on the Object-Oriented Programming with Python. The fifth chapter discusses most commonly used custom data structures such as stack and queue. The sixth chapter spurs the creativity of the readers with Python’s Turtle graphics library. The seventh chapter explores animations and game development using the Pygame library. The eighth chapter covers handling data stored in a variety of file formats. The ninth chapter covers the area of Image processing with Wand library in Python. The tenth and the final chapter presents an array of assorted handy topics in Python. The entire book follows a step-by-step approach. The explanation of the topic is always followed by a detailed code example. The code examples are also explained in suitable detail and they are followed by the output in the form of text or screenshot wherever possible. Readers will become comfortable with Python programming language by closely following the concepts and the code examples in this book. The book also has references to external resources for readers to explore further. A download of the software code, and links to tutorial videos can be found on the Elektor website.
Vacuum-tube (or valve, depending upon which side of the pond you live on) technology spawned the Age of Electronics early in the 20th Century. Until the advent of solid-state electronics near mid-century, hollow-state devices were the only choice. But following the invention of the transistor (after their process fell to reasonable levels), within a couple of decades, the death of vacuum tubes was widely heralded. Yet here we are some five decades later, and hollow-state equipment is enjoying something of a comeback, especially in the music and high-end audio industries.Many issues surround hollow-state audio:
Does it produce—as some claim—better sound? If so, is there science to back up these claims?
How do hollow-state circuits work?
How do you design hollow-state audio circuits?
If hollow-state equipment fails, how do you go about troubleshooting and repairing it?
Can we recreate some of the classic hollow-state audio devices for modern listening rooms and recording studios?
How can we intelligently modify hollow-state amplifiers to our taste?
These and other topics are covered in The State of Hollow State Audio.
Practical Multitasking Fundamentals Programming embedded systems is difficult because of resource constraints and limited debugging facilities. Why develop your own Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) as well as your application when the proven FreeRTOS software is freely available? Why not start with a validated foundation? Every software developer knows that you must divide a difficult problem into smaller ones to conquer it. Using separate preemptive tasks and FreeRTOS communication mechanisms, a clean separation of functions is achieved within the entire application. This results in safe and maintainable designs. Practicing engineers and students alike can use this book and the ESP32 Arduino environment to wade into FreeRTOS concepts at a comfortable pace. The well-organized text enables you to master each concept before starting the next chapter. Practical breadboard experiments and schematics are included to bring the lessons home. Experience is the best teacher. Each chapter includes exercises to test your knowledge. The coverage of the FreeRTOS Application Programming Interface (API) is complete for the ESP32 Arduino environment. You can apply what you learn to other FreeRTOS environments, including Espressif’s ESP-IDF. The source code is available from GitHub. All of these resources put you in the driver’s seat when it is time to develop your next uber-cool ESP32 project. What you will learn: How preemptive scheduling works within FreeRTOS The Arduino startup “loopTask” Message queues FreeRTOS timers and the IDLE task The semaphore, mutex, and their differences The mailbox and its application Real-time task priorities and its effect Interrupt interaction and use with FreeRTOS Queue sets Notifying tasks with events Event groups Critical sections Task local storage The gatekeeper task
With this bundle you can straight away built the over 30 tested and working projects described in the book. This bundle contains:
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W GO! Book (normal price: €34.95) Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W (normal price: €22.95) The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W GO! Book A Fast-Lane Ride From Concept to Project The core of the book explains the use of the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W running the Python programming language, always in simple terms and backed by many tested and working example projects. On part of the reader, familiarity with the Python programming language and some experience with one of the Raspberry Pi computers will prove helpful. Although previous electronics experience is not required, some knowledge of basic electronics is beneficial, especially when venturing out to modify the projects for your own applications. Over 30 tested and working hardware-based projects are given in the book, covering the use of Wi-Fi, communication with smartphones and with a Raspberry Pi Pico W computer. Additionally, there are Bluetooth projects including elementary communication with smartphones and with the popular Arduino Uno. Both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are key features of the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W. Some of the topics covered in the book are: Raspberry Pi OS installation on an SD card Python program creation and execution on the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W Software-only examples of Python running on the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W Hardware-based projects including LCD and Sense HAT interfacing UDP and TCP Wi-Fi based projects for smartphone communication UDP-based project for Raspberry Pi Pico W communication Flask-based webserver project Cloud storage of captured temperature, humidity, and pressure data TFT projects Node-RED projects Interfacing to Alexa MQTT projects Bluetooth-based projects for smartphone and Arduino Uno communications Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W The small Raspberry Pi puts in the quad-core turbo! Features 64-bit quad-core processor VideoCore IV GPU 512 MB LPDDR2 DRAM 802.11b/g/n wireless LAN Bluetooth 4.2 / Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) MicroSD card slot Mini HDMI and USB 2.0 OTG ports Micro USB power HAT-compatible 40-pin header Composite video and reset pins via solder test points CSI camera connector Specifications SoC Broadcom BCM2710A1 CPU 64-bit ARM Cortex-A53 (4x 1 GHz) GPU Broadcom VideoCore VI RAM 512 MB LPDDR2 Wireless LAN 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11b/g/n Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.2, BLE USB 1x micro USB (for data)1x micro USB (for power supply) GPIO HAT-compatible 40-pin GPIO header Video & Audio 1080P HD video & stereo audio via mini-HDMI connector SD card microSD (for operating system and storage) Power 5 VDC / 2.5 A (supplied via micro USB connector) Dimensions 65 x 30 x 5 mm Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W is footprint-compatible with earlier Zero models.
59 Experiments with Arduino IDE and Python The main aim of this book is to teach the Arduino IDE and MicroPython programming languages in ESP32 based projects, using the highly popular ESP32 DevKitC development board. Many simple, basic, and intermediate level projects are provided in the book using the Arduino IDE with ESP32 DevKitC. All projects have been tested and work. Block diagrams, circuit diagrams, and complete program listings of all projects are given with explanations. In addition, several projects are provided for programming the ESP32 DevKitC using MicroPython. The projects provided in this book are designed to teach the following features of the ESP32 processor: GPIOs Touch sensors External interrupts Timer interrupts I²C and I²S SPI PWM ADC DAC UART Hall sensor Temperature sensor Infrared controller Reading and writing to SD card Reading and writing to flash memory RTC timer Chip ID Security and encryption Wi-Fi and network programming Bluetooth BLE programming Communication mobile devices Low power design ESP-IDF programming The projects have been organized with increasing levels of difficulty. Readers are encouraged to tackle the projects in the order given. A specially prepared hardware kit is available from Elektor. With the help of this hardware, it should be easy and fun to build the projects in this book.
About the book Espressif's ESP8266 and ESP32 microcontrollers have brought DIY home automation to the masses. However, not everyone is fluent in programming these microcontrollers with Espressif's C/C++ SDK, the Arduino core, or MicroPython. This is where ESPHome comes into its own: with this project, you don’t program your microcontroller but configure it. This book demonstrates how to create your own home automation devices with ESPHome on an ESP32 microcontroller board. You’ll learn how to combine all kinds of electronic components and automate complex behaviours. Your devices can work completely autonomously, and connect over Wi-Fi to your home automation gateways such as Home Assistant or MQTT broker. By the end of this book, you will be able to create your own custom home automation devices the way you want. Thanks to ESPHome and the ESP32, this is within everyone’s grasp. Set up an ESPHome development environment and create maintainable configurations Use buttons and LEDs Sound a buzzer and play melodies Read measurements from various types of sensors Communicate over a short distance with NFC, infrared light, and Bluetooth Low Energy Show information on various types of displays About the board Chipset Espressif-ESP32 240 MHz Xtensa single-/dual-core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor FLASH QSPI flash 16 MB SRAM 520 kB SRAM Button Reset USB to TTL CP2104 Modular interface UART, SPI, SDIO, I²C, LED PWM, TV PWM, I²S, IRGPIO, ADC, capacitor touch sensor, DACLNA pre-amplifier Display IPS ST7789V 1.14 Inch Working voltage 2.7-4.2 V Working current About 67 MA Sleep current About 350 uA Working temperature range -40℃ ~ +85℃ Size & Weight 51.52 x 25.04 x 8.54 mm (7.81 g) Power Supply USB 5 V/1 A Charging current 500 mA Battery 3.7 V lithium battery JST Connector 2-Pin 1.25 mm USB Connector USB-C
The project book, written by well-known Elektor author Dogan Ibrahim, holds many software- and hardware-based projects especially developed for the Arduino Uno Experimenting Kit. The kit comes with an Arduino Uno board, several LEDs, sensors, actuators, and other components. The purpose of the kit is to make a flying start with hardware and software aspects of projects designed around the Arduino Uno microcontroller system. The projects given in this guide are fully evaluated and working and fully employ all the supplied components. A block diagram, a circuit diagram, an extensive program listing, and a complete program description is given for every project in the guide. Included in the kit 1x Arduino Uno Rev3 board
1x RFID reader module 1x DS1302 clock module 1x 5 V stepper motor 1x '2003' stepper motor drive board 5x Green LED 5x Yellow LED 5x Red LED 2x Rocker switch 1x Flame sensor 1x LM35 sensor module 1x Infrared receiver 3x Light-dependent resistors (LDRs) 1x IR remote controller 1x Breadboard 4x Pushbutton (with four caps) 1x Buzzer 1x Piezo sounder 1x Adjustable resistor (potentiometer) 1x 74HC595 shift register 1x 7-segment display 1x 4-digit 7-segment display 1x 8x8 Dot-matrix display 1x 1602 / I²C LCD module 1x DHT11 Temperature and humidity module 1x Relay module 1x Sound module Set of Dupont cables Set of Breadboard cables 1x Water sensor 1x PS2 Joystick 5x 1 k-ohm resistor 5x 10 k-ohm resistor 5x 220-ohm resistor 1x 4x4 keypad module 1x 9g Servo (25 cm) 1x RFID card 1x RGB module 1x 9 V battery DC jack Project book (237 pages) Over 60 Projects in the Book Hardware Projects with LEDs Blinking LED – using the onboard LED Blinking LED – using an external LED LED flashing SOS Alternately-blinking LEDs Chasing LEDs Chasing LEDs 2 Binary counting LEDs Random flashing LEDs – Christmas lights Button controlled LED Controlling the LED flashing rate – external interrupts Reaction timer LED color wand RGB fixed colors Traffic lights Traffic lights with pedestrian crossings Using the 74HC595 shift register – binary up counter Using the 74HC595 shift register – randomly flashing 8 LEDs Using the 74HC595 shift register – chasing LEDs Using the 74HC595 shift register – turn ON a specified LED Using the 74HC595 shift register – turn ON specified LEDs 7-Segment LED Displays 7-Segment 1-digit LED counter 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display counter – timer interrupts 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display counter – eliminating the leading zeroes 7-Segment 4-digit multiplexed LED display – reaction timer Timer interrupt blinking onboard LED Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) Display text on the LCD Scrolling text on the LCD Display custom characters on the LCD LCD based conveyor belt goods counter LCD-based accurate clock using timer interrupts LCD dice Sensors Analog temperature sensor Voltmeter On/Off temperature controller Darkness reminder using a light-dependent resistor (LDR) Tilt detection Water-level sensor Displaying water levels Water level controller Flooding detector with buzzer Sound detection sensor – relay control by hand clapping Flame sensor – fire detection with relay output Temperature and humidity display Generating musical tones with the melody maker The RFID Reader Finding the Tag ID RFID door lock access control with relay The 4x4 Keypad Display the pressed key code on the Serial Monitor Integer calculator with LCD Keypad door security lock with relay The Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module RTC with Serial Monitor RTC with LCD Temperature and humidity display with time stamping The Joystick Reading joystick analog values 8x8 LED Matrix Displaying shapes Motors Test-rotate the servo Servo sweep Joystick-controlled servo Rotate the motor clockwise and then anticlockwise Infrared Receiver and Remote Controller Unit Decoding the IR remote control codes Remote relay activation/deactivation Infrared remote stepper motor control
ModbusRTU and ModbusTCP examples with the Arduino Uno and ESP8266 Introduction to PLC programming with OpenPLC, the first fully open source Programmable Logic Controller on the Raspberry Pi, and Modbus examples with Arduino Uno and ESP8266 PLC programming is very common in industry and home automation. This book describes how the Raspberry Pi 4 can be used as a Programmable Logic Controller. Before taking you into the programming, the author starts with the software installation on the Raspberry Pi and the PLC editor on the PC, followed by a description of the hardware. You'll then find interesting examples in the different programming languages complying with the IEC 61131-3 standard. This manual also explains in detail how to use the PLC editor and how to load and execute the programs on the Raspberry Pi. All IEC languages are explained with examples, starting with LD (Ladder Diagram) over ST (Structured Control Language) to SFC (Special Function Chart). All examples can be downloaded from the author's website. Networking gets thorough attention too. The Arduino Uno and the ESP8266 are programmed as ModbusRTU or ModbusTCP modules to get access to external peripherals, reading sensors and switching electrical loads. I/O circuits complying with the 24 V industry standard may also be of interest for the reader. The book ends with an overview of commands for ST and LD. After reading the book, the reader will be able to create his own controllers with the Raspberry Pi.
Plot, Cut, Drill, Mill and Laser with the Z99This book covers the construction, hardware, software, and operation of the Z99 – CNC machine. This is a multifunctional 4-axis machine for home construction.The capabilities of the Z99 machine include:
large-format schematic plotting
PCB plotting with etch-resist pens
schematic plotting with conductive-ink pens
letter cutting out of vinyl
paper cutting
PCB/substrate drilling
PCB/substrate milling
text milling
laser engraving
laser cutting of solder paste masks
By making the support software available as freeware, readers of the book are challenged and encouraged to develop new applications for the Z99.The machine would not be of much use if the user has no option to create suitable files for the designs in mind. A large part of this book is dedicated to creating source files in a variety of freeware software packages, including Inkscape, DesignSpark PCB, KiCad, and FlatCAM.The book is also useful for readers keen to comprehend and then master the basic structure of HPGL, Gerber, Drill, and G-code files, as well as to have a go at deciphering them using software.
Getting started with the world’s best open-source PCB tool + Mastering PCB design with real-world projects. A manual so complete we had to put it in two books! The latest iteration of KiCad, the world’s best free-to-use Printed Circuit Board tool, is packed with features usually found only in expensive commercial CAD tools. This modern, cross-platform application suite built around schematic and design editors, with auxiliary applications is a stable and mature PCB tool. KiCad 6 is a perfect fit for electronic engineers and hobbyists. Here are the most significant improvements and features in KiCad 6, both over and under the hood: Modern user interface, completely redesigned from earlier versions Improved and customizable electrical and design rule checkers Theme editor allowing you to customize KiCad on your screen Ability to import projects from Eagle, CADSTART, and more Enhanced bus handling Full control over the presentation of information by the layout editor Filters define selectable elements Enhanced interactive router helps you draw single tracks and differential pairs with precision New or enhanced tools to draw tracks, measure distances, tune track lengths, etc. Enhanced tool for creating filled zones Easy data exchange with other CAD applications Realistic ray-tracing capable 3D viewer Huge community of contributors that make KiCad better every day Rich repositories of symbol, footprint, and 3D shape libraries The first book KiCad 6 Like A Pro – Fundamentals and Projects will teach you to use KiCad through a practical approach. It will help you become productive quickly and start designing your own boards. Example projects (e.g., a simple breadboard power supply and a PCBA 4×8×8 LED matrix array) illustrate the basic features of KiCad, even if you have no prior knowledge of PCB design. The author describes the entire workflow from schematic entry to the intricacies of finalizing the files for PCB production and offers sound guidance on the process. Further full-fledged projects, of incremental difficulty, will be presented in a second book, together with a variety of advanced recipes. The second book KiCad 6 Like A Pro – Projects, Tips and Recipes will help you practice your new KiCad 6 skills by challenging you in a series of two real-world projects, supported by a comprehensive set of recipes with detailed instructions on how to achieve a variety of simple and complex tasks.
Getting started with the world’s best open-source PCB toolThe latest iteration of KiCad, the world’s best free-to-use Printed Circuit Board tool, is packed with features usually found only in expensive commercial CAD tools. This modern, cross-platform application suite built around schematic and design editors, with auxiliary applications is a stable and mature PCB tool. KiCad 6 is a perfect fit for electronic engineers and hobbyists.Here are the most significant improvements and features in KiCad 6, both over and under the hood:
Modern user interface, completely redesigned from earlier versions
Improved and customizable electrical and design rule checkers
Theme editor allowing you to customize KiCad on your screen
Ability to import projects from Eagle, CADSTART, and more
Enhanced bus handling
Full control over the presentation of information by the layout editor
Filters define selectable elements
Enhanced interactive router helps you draw single tracks and differential pairs with precision
New or enhanced tools to draw tracks, measure distances, tune track lengths, etc.
Enhanced tool for creating filled zones
Easy data exchange with other CAD applications
Realistic ray-tracing capable 3D viewer
Huge community of contributors that make KiCad better every day
Rich repositories of symbol, footprint, and 3D shape libraries
This book will teach you to use KiCad through a practical approach. It will help you become productive quickly and start designing your own boards. Example projects (e.g., a simple breadboard power supply and a PCBA 4×8×8 LED matrix array) illustrate the basic features of KiCad, even if you have no prior knowledge of PCB design. The author describes the entire workflow from schematic entry to the intricacies of finalizing the files for PCB production and offers sound guidance on the process. Further full-fledged projects, of incremental difficulty, will be presented in a second book, together with a variety of advanced recipes.
Most people are increasingly confronted with the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Music or video ratings, navigation systems, shopping advice, etc. are based on methods that can be attributed to this field.The term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956 at an international conference known as the Dartmouth Summer Research Project. One basic approach was to model the functioning of the human brain and to construct advanced computer systems based on this. Soon it should be clear how the human mind works. Transferring it to a machine was considered only a small step. This notion proved to be a bit too optimistic. Nevertheless, the progress of modern AI, or rather its subspecialty called Machine Learning (ML), can no longer be denied.In this book, several different systems will be used to get to know the methods of machine learning in more detail. In addition to the PC, both the Raspberry Pi and the Maixduino will demonstrate their capabilities in the individual projects. In addition to applications such as object and facial recognition, practical systems such as bottle detectors, person counters, or a “talking eye” will also be created.The latter is capable of acoustically describing objects or faces that are detected automatically. For example, if a vehicle is in the field of view of the connected camera, the information 'I see a car!' is output via electronically generated speech. Such devices are highly interesting examples of how, for example, blind or severely visually impaired people can also benefit from AI systems.
An illustrated chronicle of Teknology for collectors and restorers
Oscilloscopes have made a major contribution to the advancement of human knowledge, not only in electronics, but in all sciences, whenever a physical quantity can be converted into a timerelated electrical signal.
This book traces the history of a crucial instrument through many Tektronix products. This is the company that invented and patented most of the functions found in all oscilloscopes today. Tek is and will always be synonymous with the oscilloscope.
In nearly 600 pages, with hundreds of gorgeous photos, diagrams, anecdotes, and technical data, you'll travel through the history of Tektronix in a superb collector's edition with a technical point of view. The author is not afraid to get his hands dirty restoring his own Tek equipment. The journey starts in the early 1950s. It ends in the '90s, after exploring the ins and outs of the most interesting models in the 300, 400, 500, 5000, 7000, and 11000 series, from tubes to advanced hybrid technologies.
The short-wave technique has a very particular appeal: It can easily bridge long distances. By reflecting short-wave signals off the conductive layers of the ionosphere, they can be received in places beyond the horizon and therefore can reach anywhere on earth. Although technology is striving for ever higher frequencies, and radio is usually listened to on FM, DAB+, satellite or the Internet, modern means of transmission require extensive infrastructure and are extremely vulnerable. In the event of a global power outage, there is nothing more important than the short-wave. Amateur radio is not only a hobby, it’s also an emergency radio system! Elektor’s SDR-Shield (SKU 18515) is a versatile shortwave receiver up to 30 MHz. Using an Arduino and the appropriate software, radio stations, morse signals, SSB stations, and digital signals can be received. In this book, successful author and enthusiastic radio amateur, Burkhard Kainka describes the modern practice of software defined radio using the Elektor SDR Shield. He not only imparts a theoretical background but also explains numerous open source software tools.
